Whether they have been edited, taken out of context, cleverly framed, or simply use optical illusions, images can sometimes be misleading... For each image, it's up to you to decide: is it authentic, has it been manipulated, or is it a montage? It's your turn! 1. What strategy is often used in conspiracy theories? Scientific reasoning based on reproducible experiments The accumulation of facts with no logical connection (argumentative mille-feuille) Acceptance of criticism and contradictory debate Exclusive citation of recognized academic sources None 2. During a debate, someone says to you: “Scientists don't want to admit the truth about global warming, they're paid by big companies to lie!” What cognitive bias is at play here? Confirmation bias. Representativeness bias. Anchoring bias. Availability bias. None 3. In this sentence, what is the fallacious argument used? -- “Why listen to this politician's advice on the economy? He failed in his own business!” Appeal to authority Ad hominem False cause None 4. In this sentence, what is the fallacious argument used? -- “If we don't pass this law, society will collapse and everyone will be poor.” False dichotomy Slippery slope Premature generalization None 5. A friend sends you a message: “If vaccines were safe, why are there so many reports of people saying they've had side effects?” What is the logical flaw in this argument? The proportionality bias The argument ad populum (appeal to popularity) Correlation does not imply causation. Circular reasoning None 6. What cognitive bias is often used in conspiracy theories? Confirmation bias The placebo effect Anchoring bias Optimism bias None 7. A viral video claims that “the pyramids were built by aliens, because it is impossible that humans had such advanced technology at the time.” What bias is being used here? The argument of ignorance (“we don't know, so...”) The false dilemma fallacy Circular reasoning The ad hominem attack None 8. Scrolling through X, you find that an article has been shared many times claiming that the elections were rigged. How should you react? Share the article immediately, as it has been widely shared even by verified accounts. Verify the authenticity of the article by checking who the author is and which website is sharing the information. Cross-check the information by consulting other sources to see if it has been confirmed by several media outlets and authorities. Consider the article to be probably true, as it raises legitimate concerns about the electoral process. None 9. If someone tells you, “I was cured of X disease thanks to naturopathy, it's proven!” or “I lost 10 pounds in a month thanks to a miracle diet, it's proven!” but doesn't provide any studies or reliable data, what is the biggest problem here? The person is surely talking about an exceptional case. This is a generalization based on personal experience without solid evidence. The person has probably completed a validated scientific program. The miracle diet is probably revolutionizing nutrition! None 10. What is the flawed reasoning in this sentence? -- “Either you are for freedom of speech, or you are against democracy.” False cause False dichotomy Circular reasoning None Time's up
