Whether they have been edited, taken out of context, cleverly framed, or simply use optical illusions, images can sometimes be misleading... For each image, it's up to you to decide: is it authentic, has it been manipulated, or is it a montage? It's your turn! 1. In this sentence, what is the fallacious argument used? -- “There is no evidence that aliens do not exist, therefore they must exist.” Argument from ignorance False dichotomy False cause None 2. A website publishes a photo to illustrate an ongoing war. While searching the internet, you discover that the same photo was used to illustrate a different conflict several years earlier. What manipulation was used? Digital retouching An image taken out of context A deepfake A photomontage None 3. What psychological mechanism can cause a person to see conspiracies everywhere, even without evidence? The Mandela Effect The proportionality bias The double fault fallacy The illusion of transparency None 4. What strategy is often used in conspiracy theories? Scientific reasoning based on reproducible experiments The accumulation of facts with no logical connection (argumentative mille-feuille) Acceptance of criticism and contradictory debate Exclusive citation of recognized academic sources None 5. What is the flawed reasoning in this sentence? -- “Either you are for freedom of speech, or you are against democracy.” False cause False dichotomy Circular reasoning None 6. What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation? Misinformation is intentional, whereas disinformation is an unintentional error. Misinformation is false information disseminated without the intention to deceive, while disinformation is created to manipulate. There is no difference; they are synonyms. None 7. In this sentence, what is the fallacious argument used? -- “Why listen to this politician's advice on the economy? He failed in his own business!” Appeal to authority Ad hominem False cause None 8. If someone tells you, “I was cured of X disease thanks to naturopathy, it's proven!” or “I lost 10 pounds in a month thanks to a miracle diet, it's proven!” but doesn't provide any studies or reliable data, what is the biggest problem here? The person is surely talking about an exceptional case. This is a generalization based on personal experience without solid evidence. The person has probably completed a validated scientific program. The miracle diet is probably revolutionizing nutrition! None 9. During a debate, someone says to you: “Scientists don't want to admit the truth about global warming, they're paid by big companies to lie!” What cognitive bias is at play here? Confirmation bias. Representativeness bias. Anchoring bias. Availability bias. None 10. A friend sends you a photo showing riots in the city center, saying it was taken today. You go to X and find it posted on several accounts and shared thousands of times. What should you do before believing it is authentic? Share it to alert your followers about the event. Check whether the image was taken at another event using a reverse image search. Rely solely on the account that posted it Consult several sources to see if the event has been reported by reputable media outlets. None Time's up
